The Habitat III summit included a number of sessions on resource efficiency and associated tools and initiatives. The city is considered as an open system that is connected to others which provides a broader understanding of complex relationships between scales, resource flows, built environment and socio-economic factors and ecological outcomes. Different approached help to understand city development and measure resource use such as the urban metabolism approach or the life-cycle assessments. Both have been applied at cities, neighbourhoods and buildings and revealed that more resources are used than shown by traditional assessment techniques.
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